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<h1><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">index</font> </h1>
<h3 class="headingCopy"><font color="#000000" class="headingCopy" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">technical</font></h3>
<p class="headingCopy" align="left"><font face="GillSans, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="animtypes.html" target="text" class="lk"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">types
of animation<br>
</font></a><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="fps.html" target="text" class="lk">frame
rates</a></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><br>
<a href="stages.html" target="text">Production Cycle</a> <br>
<a href="gif.html" target="text">animating for the Web</a><br>
<br>
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<h3 class="headingCopy" align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000000" class="headingCopy">principles</font></h3>
<p class="headingCopy" align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="prin01.html" target="text" class="lk">introduction<br>
</a></font><font face="GillSans, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="prin02.html" target="text" class="lk"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">squash
and stretch<br>
</font></a><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="prin08.html" target="text" class="lk">exaggeration<br>
</a><a href="prin03.html" target="text" class="lk">staging<br>
</a><a href="prin04.html" target="text" class="lk">straight ahead action and
pose-to-pose<br>
</a><a href="prin05.html" target="text" class="lk">timing<br>
</a><a href="prinarcs.html" target="text" class="lk">arcs<br>
</a><a href="prin06.html" target="text" class="lk">anticipation<br>
</a><a href="prin07.html" target="text" class="lk">follow through and overlapping
action<br>
</a> <a href="prin10.html" target="text" class="lk">secondary action<br>
</a> <a href="prin11.html" target="text" class="lk">slow in and out<br>
</a> <a href="prin09.html" target="text" class="lk">appeal<br>
</a><a href="prin12.html" target="text" class="lk">personality</a></font></font></p>
<h3 class="headingCopy" align="left"><font color="#000000" class="headingCopy" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">history</font></h3>
<p align="left"><a href="intro.html" target="text" class="lk"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">introduction<br>
</font></a><font size="-1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="welcome2.html" class="lk" target="_top">timeline</a><br>
<a href="comanim.html" class="lk" target="text">computers, animation and cinema</a></font></p>
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<p><font size="+1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><img src="pics/runman2.gif" width="300" height="211" align="right">Animation
is the creation of the illusion of movement by assembling a sequence of
still images.</b></font></p>
</font>
<p class="anim"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">These
pictures do not really move -- they are composed of a series of static
images that affect the eyes at the rate of 12 to 24 images per second.
The illusion of movement is caused by a physiological affect known as
'<font color="red"><b>persistence of vision</b></font>'. </font></p>
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<td width="200"><img src="pics/tinML.jpg" width="200" height="274"></td>
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<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">Animation, then,
consists of the imagining and representation of movement -- the quality
of the sequence, the movement, is more important than the quality of the
individual images. The sheer amount of physical and creative labour and
the complexity of techniques intrinsic to producing animations has encouraged
its development as a group or collaborative endeavour -- a form of commercial
industrial design with three main purposes -- to entertain, educate or
to inform. Its major producers have been studios.</font></p>
<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1" color="#999999">(image,
left: 19th century Magic Lantern tin toy)</font></p>
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<p><span class="anim"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">This
is not to say that many creatively and conceptually important animations
have not been produced by individuals or small 'non-commercial' groups
-- simply that what is available in the way of resources to produce such
works is comparatively limited and must affect the outcome. It would be
ludicrous, for example, to think of making 'Toy Story' on your home computer.
As an individual animator it is important to plan well in advance -- plotting,
scripting, storyboarding and producing key frames to minimise the waste
of your time and resources.</font></span></p>
<font face="GillSans, Helvetica, Arial, SansSerif">
<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><span class="anim">Animation
did not just spring into being fully formed. Some film historians trace
the roots of animation as far back as Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Bayuex
Tapestry and medieval manuscript illumination. Many people contributed
to make animation what it is today, and to make computer animation at
all possible. Many steps had to take place, first to make moving images
possible, and then to develop techniques for creating animations. The
nineteenth and twentith centuries, in particular, have seen major technological
a,d conceptual developments, including, most recently, the developement
of CGI (computer generated imagery) and 3D animation.</span></font></p>
<font face="GillSans, Helvetica, Arial, SansSerif">
<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><span class="anim">Perhaps,
however, the most logical place to begin looking for the precursors of
animation as we know it, is the seventeenth century. Europe was awash
with new discoveries and new ideas which a newly-created reading public
had access to. Optics were a wide-spread interest and were central to
advances made in many areas, most notably astronomy. Refinements in techniques
for grinding lenses and prisms, and improved mathematics (especially calculus),
made it possible to study light and motion with a new accuracy. Science
was not solely the realm of specialists and interest in scientific advances
was widespread with new discoveries almost as likely to be made by talented
amateurs as by dedicated 'professionals'.</span></font></p>
</font></font>
<p align="right"><font face="GillSans, Helvetica, Arial, SansSerif"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">--->
<a href="welcome2.html" target="_top">historical timeline</a></font></b></font></p>
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